Networking

Layer 2 Security

By on Friday, December 20, 2019

When we talk about layer 2 we are talking about layer 2 of OSI model that is Data Link Layer. In data link layer has one broadcast domain but multiple collision domain. It is important to secure this layer as this will be the first line of defense that a user will connect to.

The following are the layer 2 security toolkit.

  • Port Security
  • BDPU Guard
  • Root Guard
  • DHCP Snooping
  • IP source Guard
  • 802.1X
  • Dynamic ARP Inspection
  • Storm Control
  • Access Control List

Port security provides the most basic layer 2 security. For example

Switch2#sh run int g0/0
 Building configuration…
 Current configuration : 188 bytes
 !
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
  description Host1
  switchport access vlan 1000
  switchport mode access
  switchport port-security violation restrict
  switchport port-security mac-address sticky
  switchport port-security

In the above example the port security is enabled using the command switchport port-security and the characteristic of this security is to capture the mac address of the device and on violation it will restrict the traffic.

protect Drops all the packets from the insecure hosts at the port-security process level but does not increment the security-violation count. i.e no logging.
restrict Drops all the packets from the insecure hosts at the port-security process level and increments the security-violation count. i.e logging
shutdown Shuts down the port if there is a security violation.

BPDU are messages that the switches exchange among each other in the root election process in spanning tree and the send these messages periodically to maintain the root or to determine the new root switch if the topology changes.

Often times you don’t want receive BPDU from certain ports. These ports most of the time are access ports to which an end user devices connects. This guards the root switch and avoids a malicious switch from becoming the root if a user connects a rogue switch to a topology by blocking the BPDU’s received on that port. This mechanism is called BPDU Guard.

Switch3#sh run int g0/0
 Building configuration…
 Current configuration : 220 bytes
 !
 interface GigabitEthernet0/0
  description host2
  switchport access vlan 1000
  switchport mode access
  switchport port-security violation restrict
  switchport port-security mac-address sticky
  switchport port-security 
  media-type rj45
  negotiation auto
  spanning-tree bpduguard enable
 end

Another way to maintain the root switch status is by using Root Guard. Root guard if enabled prevents learning about a new root from local ports. 

Switch1#sh run int g2/0
 Building configuration…
 Current configuration : 97 bytes
 !
 interface GigabitEthernet2/0
  media-type rj45
  negotiation auto
  spanning-tree guard root
 end

DHCP Snooping is a security feature that acts like a firewall between untrusted hosts and trusted DHCP server. This feature validates DHCP messages received from untrusted sources and filters out invalid messages. DHCP snooping uses a DHCP snooping binding database which contains information about untrusted hosts with leased IP addres

DHCP Snooping is build and maintained per VLAN basis. By default the feature is inactive on all VLANS and has to be enabled first with

ip dhcp snooping

Then it can be applied to the vlans as desired.

ip dhcp snooping vlan 1000
ip dhcp snooping database flash:dhcpsnoop.txt

To specify the trusted port following commands are used

Switch1#sh run int g0/0
 Building configuration…
 Current configuration : 223 bytes
 !
 interface GigabitEthernet0/0
  description dhcp
  switchport access vlan 1000
  switchport mode access
  ip arp inspection trust
  media-type rj45
  negotiation auto
  spanning-tree bpduguard enable
  ip dhcp snooping trust
 end
Switch1#sh ip dhcp snooping
 Switch DHCP snooping is enabled
 Switch DHCP gleaning is disabled
 DHCP snooping is configured on following VLANs:
 1000
 DHCP snooping is operational on following VLANs:
 1000
 DHCP snooping is configured on the following L3 Interfaces:
 Insertion of option 82 is enabled
    circuit-id default format: vlan-mod-port
    remote-id: 0c9e.f443.2800 (MAC)
 Option 82 on untrusted port is not allowed
 Verification of hwaddr field is enabled
 Verification of giaddr field is enabled
 DHCP snooping trust/rate is configured on the following Interfaces:
 Interface                  Trusted    Allow option    Rate limit (pps)
 -----------------------    -------    ------------    ----------------
 GigabitEthernet0/0         yes        yes             unlimited
   Custom circuit-ids:

IP Source Guard prevents IP and/or MAC address spoofing attacks on untrusted layer two interfaces.

When IP source guard is enabled, all traffic is blocked except for DHCP packets. Once the host gets an IP address through DHCP, only the DHCP-assigned source IP address is permitted. You can also configure a static binding instead of using DHCP.

TO enable IP source guard we use the following

Switch1#sh
 *Dec 20 14:52:40.352: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console run int g0/0
 Building configuration…
 Current configuration : 255 bytes
 !
 interface GigabitEthernet0/0
  description dhcp
  switchport access vlan 1000
  switchport mode access
  ip arp inspection trust
  media-type rj45
  negotiation auto
  spanning-tree bpduguard enable
  ip verify source
  ip dhcp snooping trust
 end

Now we bind the mac address on that port to the IP address of the device.

Switch1(config)#ip source binding 56d4.cc06.36e5 vlan 1000 192.168.0.1 int g0/0

We can now verify the binding of that IP address with the MAC with

Switch1#sh ip source binding
  MacAddress          IpAddress        Lease(sec)  Type           VLAN  Interface
  ------------------  ---------------  ----------  -------------  ----  --------------------
  C2:2C:47:58:55:32   192.168.0.14     453         dhcp-snooping   1000  GigabitEthernet0/3
  56:D4:CC:06:36:E5   192.168.0.1      infinite    static          1000  GigabitEthernet0/0
  CE:58:33:A9:5D:F5   192.168.0.11     442         dhcp-snooping   1000  GigabitEthernet0/2
  Total number of bindings: 3

As we can see the IP source guard binding is static.

Dynamic ARP inspection (DAI) validates ARP paclets in a network. DAI intercepts, logs,and discards ARP packets with invalid IP to MAC address Bindings.

DAI determines the validitiy of an ARP packet based on the valid IP to MAC address binding stored in trusted database which is created with DHCP snooping. If the ARP packets are received on a trusted interface , the switch forwards the packet without any checks but on an untrusted port, the switch forwards the packet only if it is valid.

Switch1#sh run
 Building configuration…
ip arp inspection vlan 1000
Switch1#sh run int g0/0
 Building configuration…
 Current configuration : 255 bytes
 !
 interface GigabitEthernet0/0
  description dhcp
  switchport access vlan 1000
  switchport mode access
  ip arp inspection trust
  media-type rj45
  negotiation auto
  spanning-tree bpduguard enable
  ip verify source port-security
  ip dhcp snooping trust
 end
Switch1#sh ip arp inspection interfaces
 Interface        Trust State     Rate (pps)    Burst Interval
  ---------------  -----------     ----------    --------------
  Gi0/0            Trusted               None               N/A
  Gi0/1            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi0/2            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi0/3            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi1/0            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi1/1            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi1/2            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi1/3            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi2/0            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi2/1            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi2/2            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi2/3            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi3/0            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi3/1            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi3/2            Untrusted               15                 1
  Gi3/3            Untrusted               15                 1
Switch1#sh ip arp inspection vlan 1000
 Source Mac Validation      : Disabled
 Destination Mac Validation : Disabled
 IP Address Validation      : Disabled
 Vlan     Configuration    Operation   ACL Match          Static ACL
  ----     -------------    ---------   ---------          ----------
  1000     Enabled          Active
 Vlan     ACL Logging      DHCP Logging      Probe Logging
  ----     -----------      ------------      -------------
  1000     Deny             Deny              Off

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