Network Address Translation or NAT is a brilliant scheme to preserve IP addresses. Organizations are often assigned a limited number of public IP addresses. It would be extremely expensive to convert all private IP addresses to public addresses for outside communication. NAT offers a brilliant solution to this problem. NAT allows 3 different ways of …
Hash Message Authentication Code is a standard that specifies an algorithm for an application to authenticate both source of a message and its integrity without the use of any additional mechanisms. Message authentication is achieved by a message authentication code (MAC) and MAC based on hash functions are called HMACs. The sender and receiver will …
Before we hit https we need to understand http. So http is a stateless protocol. By stateless we mean its commands are executed independently without any knowledge of the commands before it. All the webpages are written in a special language called Hyper text markup language (HTML). HTTP transfers these files between client and server. …
Thirty-one-bit subnets were first proposed in RFC 3021, which was primarily motivated by the potential for public address space conservation. Recall that shrinking a /30 subnet to a /31 effectively doubles the number of point-to-point links you can address from a finite range. Cisco IOS has supported /31 subnets for point-to-point links since release 12.2(2)T. …